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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lineare Vorhersage</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p><b>Lineare Vorhersage</b> (engl. <i>linear prediction</i>) ist ein <a href="Mathematik" title="Mathematik">mathematisches Verfahren</a> der <a href="Zeitreihenanalyse" title="Zeitreihenanalyse">Zeitreihenanalyse</a>, welches zukünftige Werte eines <a href="Signal" title="Signal">Signals</a> bzw. einer diskreten Zeitreihe als eine <a href="Lineare_Funktion" title="Lineare Funktion">lineare Funktion</a> der Werte der Vergangenheit der gleichen Zeitreihe <a href="Sch%C3%A4tzfunktion" title="Schätzfunktion">schätzt</a>.
</p><p>Eine Variante ist das <a href="%C3%96konometrie" title="Ökonometrie">ökonometrische</a> Verfahren, welches zusätzlich die Werte einer weiteren Zeitreihe berücksichtigt, von denen die betrachtete Zeitreihe abhängt,.
</p><p>Für <a href="Zentrierung_(Statistik)" title="Zentrierung (Statistik)">zentrierte</a>, reelle und <a href="Station%C3%A4rer_stochastischer_Prozess" title="Stationärer stochastischer Prozess">stationäre</a> Zeitreihen sind die <a href="Koeffizient" title="Koeffizient">Koeffizienten</a> der Schätzfunktionen durch die <a href="Yule-Walker-Gleichungen" title="Yule-Walker-Gleichungen">Yule-Walker-Gleichungen</a> gegeben, dies entspricht der Modellierung durch einen <a href="ARMA-Modell" title="ARMA-Modell">AR(p)-Prozess</a>. Weiter werden Verfahren der <a href="Orthogonalprojektion" title="Orthogonalprojektion">orthogonalen Projektion</a> (<a href="Gram-Schmidt-Verfahren" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram-Schmidt-Verfahren">Gram-Schmidt-Verfahren</a>) angewendet.
</p><p>Die Bezeichnung <i>linear prediction</i> wird auch abkürzend für die Anwendung dieser Theorie in der <a href="Digitale_Signalverarbeitung" title="Digitale Signalverarbeitung">digitalen Signalverarbeitung</a> verwendet, siehe <i><a href="Linear_Predictive_Coding" title="Linear Predictive Coding">linear predictive coding</a></i>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mathematische_Darstellung">Mathematische Darstellung</h2></div>
<p>Eine übliche (eindimensionale) Darstellung ist
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\widehat {x}}(n):=\sum _{i=1}^{p}a_{i}x(n-i)\,}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\widehat {x}}(n):=\sum _{i=1}^{p}a_{i}x(n-i)\,}</annotation>
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<p>mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p,n\in \mathbb {N} }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p,n\in \mathbb {N} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6d798ef96c4f65c4d273086eab57a08f26ea4183.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:8.206ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p,n\in \mathbb {N} }" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x(i)\in \mathbb {R} }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x(i)\in \mathbb {R} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/95a9bb86bf641ff7da92d7dd93ff6c53a34c4158.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.46ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x(i)\in \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span>, wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\widehat {x}}(n)}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f9d4f92a60c538f98c3524cce87d9217e927c1ea.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.58ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\widehat {x}}(n)}" loading="lazy"></span> der vorhergesagte Wert, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x(n-i)}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x(n-i)}</annotation>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{i}\in \mathbb {R} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6628c1f7ed205f6b098b7c00d6f9f2a51bfcbbe2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.548ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{i}\in \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span> die Schätzkoeffizienten darstellen. Der Schätzfehler hat die Darstellung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e(n)=x(n)-{\widehat {x}}(n)\,}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e(n)=x(n)-{\widehat {x}}(n)\,}</annotation>
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<p>worin <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x(n)}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x(n)}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0cf63d74ce47158e139331ae04053e6decf05e11.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.534ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x(n)}" loading="lazy"></span> den wahren Wert zum Zeitpunkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
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</p><p>Die Prognoseverfahren unterscheiden sich in der Art und Weise, wie die Parameter <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{i}}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0bc77764b2e74e64a63341054fa90f3e07db275f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.029ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> bestimmt werden. Üblicherweise werden die Parameter so bestimmt, dass der <a href="Mittlerer_quadratischer_Fehler" class="mw-redirect" title="Mittlerer quadratischer Fehler">mittlere quadratische Fehler</a> minimiert wird. Dann spricht man von einer <b>Besten Linearen <a href="Erwartungstreue" title="Erwartungstreue">Erwartungstreuen</a> <a href="Vorhersagemodell" title="Vorhersagemodell">Vorhersage</a></b>, kurz <b>BLEV</b> (<a href="Englische_Sprache" title="Englische Sprache">englisch</a> <i>Best Linear Unbiased Prediction</i>, kurz <i>BLUP</i>). BLUP als auch BLUE wurden in den 1950er Jahren von <a href="Charles_Roy_Henderson" title="Charles Roy Henderson">Charles Roy Henderson</a> eingeführt.
</p><p>Für mehrdimensionale Zeitreihen wird eine Fehlermetrik der Gestalt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e(n):=\|x(n)-{\widehat {x}}(n)\|\,}">
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<p>definiert, wobei für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|\cdot \|}">
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</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Jens-Peter Kreiß und Georg Neuhaus: <i>Einführung in die Zeitreihenanalyse.</i> Springer-Verlag, Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-540-33571-4.</li>
<li>Robinson, G.K. (1991). That BLUP is a Good Thing: The Estimation of Random Effects. <i>Statistical Science</i> 6 (1): 15–32. <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1214/ss%2F1177011926">10.1214/ss/1177011926</a></span> <a href="JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2245695">2245695</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mi.uni-koeln.de/~jost/ws11/zeitr_7.pdf">Vorhersage bei stationaren Zeitreihen</a> (abgerufen am 20. Juli 2018)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authors.library.caltech.edu/25063/1/S00086ED1V01Y200712SPR003.pdf">The Theory of Linear Prediction</a> (abgerufen am 20. Juli 2018)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.tut.fi/~tabus/course/ASP/LectureNew7.pdf">Linear Prediction</a> (abgerufen am 20. Juli 2018)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csd.uoc.gr/~hy474/bibliography/LinearPredictionHistory.pdf">The History of Linear Prediction</a> (abgerufen am 20. Juli 2018)</li>
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